In physics, the Standard Model provides a framework for understanding fundamental forces governing particle interactions. These forces include the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force.

Electromagnetic Force:

This force, mediated by particles called photons, facilitates interactions between charged particles like electrons and protons. It explains phenomena such as electricity, magnetism, and the behavior of light.

Strong Nuclear Force:

Mediated by gluons, the strong nuclear force binds quarks to form protons and neutrons within atomic nuclei. It plays a vital role in maintaining the stability of atomic nuclei by overcoming repulsive forces between positively charged protons.

Weak Nuclear Force:

Involving the exchange of W and Z bosons, the weak nuclear force is responsible for processes like beta decay, where a neutron transforms into a proton, releasing a beta particle. It is essential for understanding certain particle interactions and phenomena in astrophysics.

While these three forces are integral to the Standard Model, gravity is not currently incorporated in the same manner. The hypothetical particle associated with gravity is the graviton, but experimental evidence for its existence is lacking. As a result, gravity is not classified as one of the fundamental forces within the Standard Model, and reconciling it with quantum mechanics remains an ongoing challenge in theoretical physics. The exploration of these forces and particles is crucial for advancing our understanding of the universe across various scales.